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Recovering the Missing Middle: A National Silt Productisation and Commercialisation Strategy

As the monsoon enters its last month, I have, over the past several weeks, watched the season do what it always does here: gather itself over the ridges, break, and run downhill. Rainwater moves fast through slopes — down the nalas into the streams, and eventually into the Ganga, carrying with it a fine suspension of the very soil it just fell on. It is easy, watching this, to think of it only as loss: topsoil that will not return to the field it came from, fertility quietly leaving the hills for the plains.  But the water does not destroy what it carries. It relocates it. Somewhere downstream — in a riverbed, a reservoir, a delta — that same soil settles, waits, and accumulates. What leaves a hillside field as erosion arrives somewhere else as silt . This is not a new observation. It is, in fact, close to the founding insight of the Gangetic plain itself, whose fertility was built by exactly this process over centuries. What is new — or ought to be new — is the policy attention si...

Where the Ships Don't Come: GIFT City and the Changing Geography of Global Finance

A few weeks ago, while reading about the history of international finance, I noticed something that seemed almost too obvious to be interesting: many of the world's great financial centres grew out of places where people traded. London, New York, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Dubai have very different histories, but there is a broad pattern. They were ports, entrepĂ´ts or commercial crossroads before they became major financial centres. Ships brought goods; merchants followed them; information, credit, insurance, foreign exchange and investment followed the merchants. Over time, commercial and financial institutions accumulated in the same places. That prompted a slightly mischievous question when I thought about India's GIFT City. Why is India attempting to build an international financial centre in Gandhinagar, an inland planned city with no historic port? But perhaps that question belongs to an older geography of capitalism. The more interesting question may be whether, in the tw...

Beyond Sanyal's Sensationism: Why India Must Reform, Reinvent, and Expand the University in the AI Era

Part I: The University Is Being Put on Trial There is something peculiar about the current debate on Indian higher education. Almost everyone agrees that India's universities need reform, and that proposition is hardly controversial anymore: curricula in many institutions lag behind technological and economic change, teaching quality varies enormously, industry linkages remain weak, research output is uneven, many graduates require substantial workplace training, and the adoption of artificial intelligence across teaching, research and administration remains far below what the technology now makes possible. These are legitimate concerns. But a more radical proposition has begun to emerge from some quarters: that the university itself is becoming obsolete. Artificial intelligence can explain concepts, generate essays, write code, analyse information, and tutor students. Online platforms can provide lectures from leading academicians anywhere in the world. Employers increasingly comp...